Development of Controlled Drug Delivery for Animals

Development of Controlled Drug Delivery for Animals INDUDTRIAL CHALLENGES : The production of, controlled release drug delivery technologies are same, both in, humans and animals, but, the reasons for developing them are not same. In humans and animals, the controlled drug delivery permits safe, effective and easy handling for the user. In humans, to develop a drug into long acting one, the reasons to be considered are, less dose frequency, more patient compliance and to improve the well being of the patient. However, in animals to develop a drug into long acting one, the reasons to be considered are, minimum animal handling, low cost of treatment and small time for the administration of the drug. In human field, main focus is on the health of the patient, but, in animal arena, main focus is on the low cost of treatment, easy administration by the farmer and minimum animal handling. In veterinary industry, these reasons challenge the production of controlled drug delivery technologies. (1). The challenges in a veterinary drug industry, for the development of controlled drug delivery for animals are small commercial market, low profits and money spent on the research is less. The price of the finished product depends on the selection and price of the excipients, polymers, methods used for manufacturing and marketing team responsibilities (1). The major challenge is cost of the finished product and it depends on the method of design, type of excipient and polymer used and how many excipients used during the formulation (1). Marketing team responsibilities is another challenge. Poor marketing is responsible for decreased efforts to develop a new product (1). Another challenge is farmed animals. There are, large number of physiological differences between the species and within the species. One example for physiological difference is body weights, Beef cattle weighs 266-641kg, dairy cows weighs 600-700 kg and sheep weighs 54-66 kg. Animals, throughout their life cycle shows different weights. Due to these differences, dosage forms should be developed with different strengths and volumes. Due to this challenge scientist faces a problem, whether dosage is to be developed per animal or weight of the animal. If the dosing per animal is considered, the challenges are measures of drug safety. If the dosing is as per the body weight, the challenge is design is design of a flexible delivery technology that covers wide range of animals and the animals that are growing. An example is, CIDRÂ ® intra vaginal inserts for sheep, pigs and cattle. The intra vaginal inserts for sheep and cattle are having same shape, but, different in size. These inserts for pigs are different in shape compared to sheep and cattle. Basically, same technology is used for the preparation of these three inserts. (1). Another challenge is, drug or residues exist in the food. To overcome this challenge wide absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) studies are conducted and also characterization techniques are developed. These studies, depends on the cost of the final product. In veterinary industry, new polymers and excipients for controlled release are rarely used. (1). Another challenge in the veterinary industry, is administration of dose. In animal field, the dose should be administered manually, for this suitable applicators are to be designed. The designed applicators should facilitate easy use by the end user (1). The challenges faced by the veterinary industry are many. The developed products must have safety, stability and efficacy. These profiles are built into each product and additional challenges are also to be addressed i.e. the presence of residual drug at the site of administration. Safety profiles are applicable to both animals and users. For efficacy profiles different breeds, different seasons and different geographical locations are considered. Chemical stability of drugs is major challenge. Farms lack areas for the storage of pharmaceuticals. Physical stability of the drug is another challenge. Farmers show less interest towards efficacy profile, how to use, method of administration, residual drug in the tissue etc. scientists should improve the features like method of administration, acceptable safety and efficacy profiles and during the storage drug should not be altered. (1). Another challenge is influence of delivery technique on the environment. The new delivery technology should not show any impact on the ecosystems. (1). Major challenge in the near future is reduction of carbon compounds for the development of drug delivery technologies, because, carbon dioxide and methane are considered as green house gases. In the future, specialized controlled release dosage forms will be developed (1). Another challenge is market. Identification of need is one and another is identified need that can bring profits that are spent on research. For the well being of animal health, several products are used, they are, feed additives, pharmaceuticals, vaccines and nutraceuticals. The challenges associated with these products are different physicochemical properties and different formulation approaches. In the last decade, less money is spent on the research. In UK, 1986, 70% of veterinary products are introduced into the market for live stock, but, 45% of sales were reported in 2008. However, companion sector had grown to 52% in UK, due to increased use of vaccines and novel medicines. The companion animal industry is employing formulation scientists, those are having experience in human product development rather than formulation scientists, who is a farmed animal specialist (1). Regulatory needs is the future challenge. Manufacturing GMP requirements are same for the final products, both in, animal and human arenas. (1). In recent times, the curious challenge is seen in farms of certain species like swine and chickens. If these farms do not buy the new products developed by the pharmaceutical companies, they are showing less interest for the investment. This type of challenge is seen in USA (1). INDUSTRIAL OPPURTUNITIES :- Now a days, several opportunities are there for veterinary pharmaceutical industry. Compared to market of the human pharmaceuticals, veterinary pharmaceutical products is shorter. By taking this advantage, employing an experience team, quickly complete the development activities. Due to the short time for the market, income comes quicker, more profits can be achieved before patent expires (1). Availability of animals for research, rather than humans is another opportunity. In food producing animals, ADME studies are conducted at early stages, which help in the formulation development. This kind of opportunity favours the experimentation on target species (1). Human drugs are first tested on animals ( dogs ), this creates an opportunity for veterinary industry. Due to this, pharmacological data of a particular drug is available. In companion animal market, this data is useful in reformulation of human serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors and monoamine oxidase-B for anxiety and cognitive disorders for dogs (1). The clinical trials, that are done on animals also provides data of environmental assessment, for the development of formulation. This data helps in understanding of degradation process of the drug due to temperature, pH and light (1). At present, veterinary market lacks new APIs, however, some reports are showing that new compounds are reaching the market. The existing drugs life can be increased by developing controlled release drug delivery technologies (1). Reference (1) Rathbone M, Brayden D. Controlled release drug delivery in farmed animals: commercial challenges and academic opportunities. Current drug delivery 2009;6 (4):383-390.

Badly behaved pupils and parents put teachers off Essay

Suggestions have been raised over the child benefits in United States. For example, Iain Duncan Smith’s suggested that child-related benefits should be limited to two offspring in a family. The fight against the child benefits aren’t justified as they are ill treated. The move should be encouraged as it has helped a good number of the families in the country, in addition limiting the benefit to only a handful (two) children in a family, it doesn’t really play the intended role in the society. Contrary to this, the government should be encouraged to continue with the child benefits program as it has been a gain to a big number of families. Despite the need to have family planning aspects among the people to control the number of children at each family, the child benefit from the government should still remain (Liz, 2014). Child benefit or better still child allowance is a social security payment distributed to parents, children or guardians which highly dependent on the number of children in a family. the child benefit has been effective in helping to support children from less advantaged families which has enables them access essential human needs such a education, food and such. The anti- child benefit campaigns should be shunned as the move is more beneficial to a good number of people and children in the society. Scrubbing the project would land more families especially the poor ones which cannot afford human basic wants. In other words it is the cash expenditure to families with kids not considering their parents income. The advantage amount may vary by the ordinal arrangement of the child, the age of the child, and/or the employment status of the parent. In addition to being of great benefit to the families and children, the benefit helps with extra cost to the families on the extra cost of children. The benefit also includes benefits for women who are pregnant or who have just given birth. The benefits are also helpful to partners whose partners have given birth, people who adopt, tax credits among other benefits. The benefit is essential when one has a responsibility for a child or a young person. In addition to child benefit, there is also the child tax credit. The benefit is also intertwined with the guardians allowances as well as both are meant to help children below the age of 18. The redeployment of income from childless households to families with children, in appreciation of the heavier financial weight incurred by child-rearing (Liz, 2014). Moreover, in order to enjoy the benefits of the child benefit, the benefiting families aren’t required to contribute any national insurance contribution and this in turn comes as gain to the poor families. In addition, the benefit isn’t offered to children who might be under the custody or in prison. In case of child death that was on the child benefit plan, the benefits continue to be given to the family for the next eight weeks. However, despite the benefit behind the child benefit payment, families should be encouraged to practice family planning in order to be able to raise the number of children whom they can comfortably support. The move is however, beneficial in case of calamities such as misfortunes and unemployment’s incase of the parents (Liz, 2014). The child benefit has been beneficial and should be maintained in order to keep boosting the upbringing of the children especially in the financially unstable family. In addition, when the parents loose their jobs they still have the chance to provide for their children, such as food and education. The benefit for the program is numerous and they outweigh the downside of the program. This program is one of the government programs for the grants to the people which have gone miles in assisting less fortunate families financially. A good number countries offer higher benefits levels or supplements for children with disabilities. Family allowances and child benefits are viewed as an instrument that can foster societal cohesion and progress and in turn should be maintained. The benefits also help in strengthening labor force attachments in the country and hence shouldn’t be abolished. Last and not the least, the benefit helps in supplementing the incomes of poor and modest income families with children as a means of reducing or preventing poverty. In conclusion, it’s clear that, the child benefit program is more beneficial to community, and in turn should be maintained. This means the anti-child benefit campaigns should be shunned as the program is of great help to the people. Article (II) Student Behaviour One of the driving forces behind the motivation of teachers in the school is the student behaviours. Badly behaved students are subject to putting off their teachers from the teaching profession. Teachers and school staff understands the changes encountered by students in school and provides them with relevant information and support needed. However, the dedication of the teachers and the staff depends much on the student behaviour and in most cases good behaved students encourages their teachers into the teaching profession. Contrary to this, badly behaved students and teachers are a discouraging factor to the teachers as they put them off from the teaching profession. It is ‘however’ true the student behaviour plays an important role in motivating and maintaining teachers into the profession. The survey is a true reflection of the teachers experience and the parent’s negligence in moulding their children’s behaviour (Jessica, 2014). ‘Badly behaved pupils and parents put teachers off’ was a survey conducted by Guardian Teacher Networks which shows that a good number of teachers have once in awhile considered quitting the profession. Student and parent’s behaviour are essential towards the teacher’s performance in schools. A good number of schools have issues in reference to student behaviours in recent years, which have become a vital problem in modern society. One of factors behind poor student behaviours is collapse of family functions such as divorced family, single parenthood, and children becomes isolated. This in turn leads to bad behaviour among parents and/or students, which de-motivates the teachers. According to the survey, it is clear that, the student or the pupil’s behaviours directly influence the performance of the teachers. Bad behaviour among parents and pupils would negatively influence the teachers and in turn them off from the work. Students who develop behavioural problems from their families are a discouraging aspect to the teachers. It is believed that, pupils/learns important skills and knowledge such as morals and wisdom, which are normally learned from their parents. The survey shows that, the student behaviour is one of the driving factors behind motivated and dedicated teachers (Jessica, 2014). One of the effects of bad student behaviour is that it interferes with individual and other learner’s behaviour. This turns to a challenge for the teacher, as the behaviour challenges day to day running and functioning of schools. In addition, the parents are not helping as much as they would in eradicating negative student and pupils behaviours, hence burdening the work of the teachers purporting them to consider leaving their jobs. Nowadays, the parents have become overprotective to their children. This has not helped at all in taming negative children behaviours and in turn, the burden is left to the teacher to mould the children’s behaviour. For example, an overprotected child expects special treatment at school is in for a frustrating time, which in turn may frustrate the teacher too. The frustration may overwhelm the teacher to a point of making the job dissertation choice. In addition, parents have developed negative expectations for their children which in turn instill negative or unruly behavior in children. From the survey conducted, it’s clearly evident that, â€Å"If unruly behavior is not policed with proper boundaries and a culture of respect for authority at home, teachers cannot effectively implement discipline in the classroom. In addition to negative learner’s behavior, the interference from the government demands of the teacher. 50 % of the interviewed teachers named poor pupil behavior as the main reason behind them leaving the teaching job. The unwanted student behavior influences teachers attitude towards the teaching profession, and if the unruly behavior continues, it may force the teachers to quit the teaching job. Attitude provides a frame for reference for an individual’s conduct and conditions behavior. The creation of unfavorable attitude to the teacher, elicits a reaction of avoidance or aggression towards the job or the learners (Jessica, 2014). In conclusion, it’s clear that, student and parents behavior towards the teachers as well as in the school plays a vital role in molding the teachers. The study reveals that, teacher’s motivation into teaching profession is highly dependent on the children or the learner’s behaviors. The parents are making the scenario worse by failing to support the teachers in the in order to change the learner’s negative behavior into acceptable ones. These demands and the stress accompanying the works force the teacher to quit. The survey, however suggests that â€Å"since its is disruptive children whose behavior is unchecked who miss out the most on their education. That’s why we want to make sure that teachers have more freedom to clamp down on persistently bad behavior without being hampered by bureaucracy, so that teaching time is not lost because of poor behavior,† and in turn prevent a stressing profession to the teachers. This would go miles in im proving both the teachers and students performance in the school. References Liz Jones. You don’t pay for my cats – so why should I pay for your kids? Retrieved from: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-2224260/LIZ-JONES-You-dont-pay-cats–I-pay-kids.html. On Tuesday 1 April 2014. Jessica Shepherd, ‘Badly behaved pupils and parents put teachers off’ ’ badly behaved pupils and parents put teachers off: retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/education/2011/oct/03/teaching-poll-behaviour. On Tuesday 1 April 1, 2014. Source document

How Significant was the Vietnam War in Stimulating the Protest Culture of the 1960’s?

The popular protest culture that formed within the 1960's, that rebelled against the American traditional system arguably occurred because of the involvement in the Vietnam war from the federal government. Many young student and black Americans specifically, were highly against American intervention, prompting the protest culture.However, other reasons could have prompted this too, like the assassination of Kennedy, more political interest and involvement from young radicals now favouring communist and socialist ideas, and also, arguably the increase in education meaning young adults now didn't have to earn their livings as early on in their lives. Firstly, the Vietnam war was undoubtedly a very significant factor in the increased protests during the 60's.For example, the excessive bombing of North Vietnam lead in 1965 lead to many student protests, as so many civilians including women and children were being purposefully killed in order to ultimately, win the was by flattening Vietn am. This caused outrage amongst the student rebels. In particular, the student rebel group called Students for Democratic Society (SDS) used the Vietnam war to suggest that the US government was corrupt. The cause struck a chord with those at university more so than other groups of people due to the immense number of students that were made to go and fight.The average age of soldiers fighting the Vietnam war for America was 19, meaning almost every student knew someone that had been killed or injured due to the combat they were being forced to take part in. This lead to not only resentment for the war, but also fear that they would be called up to fight, and therefore even more resistance and protesting towards continuing the fight. The war faced huge resistance, and in a way gave the rebels a force and action to fight against. This could be argued as the stimulant for the protests, as they could now use the ideas of the racist, corrupt government with evidence.Many said the Vietnam war was a racist war, and that white America wanted to conquer Asia, as well as attack the gaining black equality within America. This was because in order to avoid ‘the draft' (being called up to fight once a month), many wealthy white Americans would enrol in universities or colleges. This would excuse them from having to fight, unlike other working classes and black Americans, who could simply not afford this escape route as they could not manipulate the system as easily, leading to a hugely disproportionate number fighting being black or working class.This figure was around 80%, increasing the ominous fear in students as the news of the deaths returned. Over 11000 were killed in 67, increasing to 16500 in 68. The many reasons for why the Vietnam war was so hated by many of the protests suggests its significance and its undoubtable impact on the Student Rebels. Although many argue the Vietnam war was the reason for the protests, it could be said that the protest culture wo uld not have happened without a big spark effecting the nation. This was the assassination of president J F Kennedy, who was shot in November 1963 causing deep sadness in much of the population.There were many theories concerning his death that spread around the youths of America, leading to further diminished trust amongst young people. Before the assassination, America was a different place; despite the Vietnam war, many said there was hope in this period, but the hope shattered when he was killed. Questions were raised about US society, as the civil rights movement took over encouraging civil disobedience as they said Kennedy would have wanted this because of his backing of the Freedom Rides.The shock of his death was overwhelming and arguably this caused the most fuel for the counter culture emerging than anything else. Along with the assassination of Martin Luther King and Kennedy, followed by the involvement in the Vietnam war, the impact upon the public was huge, and arguably , it was those drug crazed, protest evolved and in some cases, politically aware teenagers that came from this. However, this is not the only reason for the now more rebellious teenagers of America.As education became increased within a pupils lifetime and schooling lasting longer, many students were turning towards the SDS, who particularly focused on political issues and and came up with ideas for change within America. Many were becoming fed up with the untrustworthy American Federal government,and as this view became wider spread and more popular within the youth culture, many began favouring the idea of communism or a socialist movement. This new left group were key in organising protests and became more and more influential as numbers increased.In October 1963, their total membership was 610, however, after protests of Vietnam they became even more influential and an even more recognisable and known group. Those involved were still in education at various Universities and coll eges, meaning this age when previously they would have to go our and find a job and work to make a living was gone, and instead they could still afford to live off parents money. This split teenagers, some taking a political route, while others became more interested in ‘finding themselves' within the flower power movement.The opportunities for young people opened up within the 60s,and they were no longer held to finding a job and starting the typical American family lifestyle. They now had a time in their life that they could experiment with – possibly with various drugs – and this new sense of freedom and flexibility allowed more time for those wanting to reject the ‘too good' American society have the opportunity to protest. In conclusion, I think the main reason for the sudden development of the protest culture was the Vietnam war, as it gave students a cause to fight because of genuine opposition as well as the opportunity.It was incredibly significant in stimulating the protest culture as they faced the fear of being called up to fight themselves, causing incredible resentment of the war, as well as the arguments the students proposed that the war was indeed racist and the government corrupt. This alone was undoubtedly the most significant factor, although without events like the assassination of JF Kennedy, I do not think the movement would have been so big and influential, as there would have been less people backing the cause.

The Leadership Intervention Strategies For Rebuild Team...

Situation Karina Chen, who leads an organization called Chen Shan Lawyers, the law firm by which I had been employed as a paralegal, was responsible for leading one of the teams that mainly handled criminal and family law matters. Nevertheless, while failing to discern the importance of building positive relationship with team members, maximizing the output of the team seemed to be the only thing she encouraged and valued. As a result, the team had suffered from low morale and there was no trust between Karina and the team members. Complication Poor team relationships are undoubtedly detrimental to team productivity and possibly overall organizational performance (De Dreu and Weingarten 2003). As a team leader, Karina should never underestimate or avoid the challenge of maintaining and improving team cohesiveness in the workplace. The following will therefore critically evaluate the leadership intervention strategies available for Karina to rebuild team morale and effectiveness. Resolution In order to ameliorate such a situation, it is essential for Karina to recognize and interpret the nature of the obstacle and then implement corresponding intervention strategy (Joshevska and Petkovski 2014). According to the team leadership model, Karina was confronted with a team performance problem that requires internal relational leadership actions to be taken (Northouse 2015). Those actions may include ‘reconnecting with the team by regular contact and communication’ and ‘buildingShow MoreRelatedLeadership And Change : Organization Development ( Od ), And Emergent Change1628 Words   |  7 Pagesapply to change approach in effectively. Therefore, this essay will examine the definition of leadership and change develop and then critically evaluate planned change, organization development (OD), and emergent change. Comparison and implementation these three approaches will be in the last. 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